Socrates The Father Of Philosophy Essay - 1518 Words

Socrates is known to be the father of philosophy. The impact he made in Western philosophers has forever shaped the world we live in. The influence this man has made cannot be measured. Although there is little known about Socrates due to the fact he never wrote any of his teachings down on paper , we can examine him though the works of his most famous student Plato.You can say Plato was Socrates’s author in the form that he only wrote what his master said. Plato never claim to say what his master s teaching where due to the fact that Socratic never claim to know anything and even didn t like being call a teacher due to the sophist. Plato instead wrote the convictions of Socrates to let the reader understand his master’s teachings for themselves. In Plato’s dialogues, the Apology and Euthyphro, we can analyze what it meant to be a philosopher according to Socrates, a man who lived by his principles and was will to stand with them even though it could cost him hi s life. Socrates didn’t like to be called a teacher due to the fact that he didn t want to be considered a sophist. A sophist went against what Socrates believe a philosopher should be. Socrates viewed the sophists as those who use fallacious reasoning by bending truths to simply pose an erroneous argument as a factual one when indeed not. Sophiste were paid teacher of philosophy that would go around teaching rhetoric to people. They would teach how to use language skillfully to manipulate people. Doing so theyShow MoreRelatedSocrates : The Father Of Western Philosophy747 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates is not only one of the most influential intellectual to have ever lived, but also one of the most controversial. His ideology, teachings, and beliefs are still discussed, debated, and quoted to this day. Using one of his students, Plato and looking at Aristophanes work, one can draw concluding thoughts on why Socrates brought so much controversy to the table and how both perspectives se em to tell a different story. Socrates was a Greek philosopher between 470BC to 399BC. He is rememberedRead MoreThe Father of Western Philosophy Socrates706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Father of Western Philosophy: Socrates Since the dawn of man, the invariable love of knowledge has kindled the hearts of humankind. That true passion in the heart for mankind over the flux of time is the study of philosophy. One of the greatest embellishments to philosophy overtime is the lionized Socrates of Athens born in 469B.C. His life exemplifies a true philosopher’s life, and the aspect of wonder that has cloaked mankind since the beginning of time. Therefore, the philosophical significanceRead MoreSocrates : The Father Of Western Philosophy2052 Words   |  9 PagesBefore today’s day and age, in the days of history before Jesus Christ was a known presence, one very important, and well-known philosopher was Socrates. Socrates was†¦ well is often considered the Father of Western Philosophy. Socrates was living the way many of us strive to live, the way many of us want to live and we should be living the same way he was. Socrates beliefs, his way of describing what is good and what is bad comes f rom man themselves. He believes that man himself, most particularly theRead MoreSocrates : The Suicide Of Socrates1405 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates was born in 470 BCE in Athens, Greece. His father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor and stone mason from Athens and his mother was a midwife by the name of Phaenarete (30 Interesting Socrates Facts 2014). Socrates original profession was masonry and sculpting, before becoming a philosopher. On a day in 399 BC, Socrates ( roughly 71 years at the time) went to trial.Now why would anyone want to send an old man to court? Three answer is that Socrates was accused of refusing to recognize theRead MoreStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 Pagesrespect paid to teachers is still the same. even in this modern era, teachers share a close emotional attachment with their students. The ancient history of education systems is rife with several examples of great student teacher relationships such as Socrates-Plato, Plato-Aristotle etc. It is beyond the scope of dubiety that teachers, since ages, have played a major role in the life of an individual and his/her overall upbringing. Teachers are the beacons of light that lead people to success and gloryRead MoreSocrates1461 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates was one of the greatest Greek philosophers. His work was not to propose any specific knowledge or policy: it was to show how argument, debate, and discussion could help men to understand difficult issues. Most of the issues he dealt with were only political on the surface. Underneath, they were moral questions about how life should be lived. Such is the influence of Socrates that philosophers before him are called the Presocratic philosophers. Socrates made enemies, three of whom broughtRead MoreSocrates, Man of Many Colors1125 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Socrates, the Man of Many Colors† The Last Days of Socrates contains a series of dialogues with Socrates in the run- up to his trial, where he is sentenced to death. Plato, the author, was inspired by Socrates. Plato was a student of his and went on to teach many famous people such as Aristotle, who wrote treatises on everything from poetry to biology, and even Alexander the Great. Plato was born into a wealthy family around the last days of the Athenian Empire (427-347 B.C.). Plato was alsoRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagescuriosity subsequently is the driving force for the emergence of philosophy. From early on, individuals realized that the world and many of the things and concepts within the world were inconceivable, which created a desire or love for wisdom. While many were interested in philosophy, pre-Socratic philosophers were more interested in determining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conceptionRead MorePlatos Apology And Crito1036 Words   |  5 PagesIn Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, I believe Socrates’ philosophy of not doing harmful things on purpose, because of ignorance, or the act of doing it unwillingly, is false. First I will show you some contradictions introduced in the books of the Apology, and Crito and explain them. Next, I will explain how in the present day Socrates philosophy is false due to the vices of mankind, with evidence from the Apology, then I will show you how Socrates might argue his point and a counter argument in presentRead MorePlato And Aristotles Philosophy Opinions On Piety And Religion1472 Words   |  6 PagesGreek philosophers we have to mention: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who they create the earliest western philosophy, their philosophic ideas influence our modern society and culture in many aspects. As we read The Trial and Death of Socrates: F our Dialogues, we can get close to the thinking of these two philosophic giants at the same time: the author Plato, and the main characters Socrates, who was Plato’s teacher. The book includes four dialogues between Socrates and his friends or disciples: Euthyphro

The Necessity of Autonomy (Free Will) in Society Essays

The Necessity of Autonomy (Free Will) in Society â€Å"Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing.† John Stuart Mill explicitly describes the necessity of autonomy or free will in society to insure the happiness of all. From this perspective one can recognize that autonomy should not only be unconditionally allowed, but also as an aspect of man that was developed along with the ability to reason. In accordance with the natural evolution of man as a rationale being, to limit one’s autonomy would be to deny the very ability that has†¦show more content†¦However, this idea does not prove to give support to the negation of importance of autonomy. In fact, because the individual does interact with the environment, the need for individual freedom in making choices because inherent. In addition, Mill suppor ted the belief that, â€Å"Each is the proper guardian of his own heath, whether bodily or mental and spiritual.† Therefore, by limiting autonomy the assumption would have to be made that the individual no longer has the ability to be the guardian of themselves. This concept can not be universally applied; independent of the structure of government in a particular society, because of the agreement that man is a rational being. With the negation of autonomy, comes the negation of reason and responsibility of man. Despite any argument for the need for control over society through limitations of autonomy, the natural instincts to choose freely in daily life will still persist. In contrast, Skinner felt that by not limiting mankind’s autonomy, all could be then held accountable for their actions and consequently punished. â€Å"That view...must be re-examined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.† Without attempting to disprove the interaction between man and his environment, Skinner’s argument can still be proved to be incorrect when attempting to limit man’s autonomy. Although in a given situation a person may come toShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship of Pornography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Censorship of Pornography: Censorship is vital and takes place on a daily basis in the modern society even in nations that state their respect and maintenance of the freedom of speech. For instance, there are several regulations that restrict broadcasters in the kind of programmes to be transmitted as specific times of the day. The other ways with which censorship happens every day is through the laws that forbid people from expressing themselves publicly toward particular political or ethnicRead MoreDifferences Between Virginia Woolf And A Room Of Ones Own And The Yellow Wallpaper792 Words   |  4 PagesGilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† explore a woman’s access to personal and physical space. Woolf stresses the importance of seclusion, while Gilman challenges the confinements of enforced isolation. The rooms in both stories represent women’s lack of autonomy and emotional and economic freedom. Thematically Woolf and Gilman speak to the infantilizing of women. Both of these authors use physical space as a metaphor for the ways that women were controlled and confined within the female domain. Men’s controlRead MoreEssay about Matewan1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthis seemingly American Township reveals itself as the site of feudal hardship for its citizens. The Stone Mountain Coal Company was the sole employer in Matewan. The company’s laborers struggled for autonomy and for freedom from the company’s grasp. The ideal method for this achieving such autonomy was organization of a union. This idea of union struck a cord with the company, and the conflict between employer and employee soon escalated into a battle. The laborers began to realize, in certainRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Issues1532 Words   |  7 Pagesissues needed to prove and defend the claim for all parties involved. The Universal declaration of bioethics and human rights identifies t hree relevant principles to this case study. Beneficence and non-maleficent, the notion of proper free and informed consent, autonomy and the measure in place to protect individuals not capable of exerting this right. Finally, this essay will address the common conflicts that may arise and a process to address the conflict. Legal Issues In Queensland Health PolicyRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin And The House On Mango Street1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main idea is the same: to be free of restrictions, free to be whatever you wish. It is a life necessity, one that was, unfortunately, and still is, restricted throughout history, resulting in many chasing after its acquisition. Humans currently live in a time, in several nations, where freedom is a right, a necessity of life freely given. However, throughout history, freedom has been kept to only a minority, resulting in individuals struggling to change society for freedom to be distributed toRead MoreSimilarities Between Classical and Modern Liberals Are Greater Than the Differences. Discuss1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmore evident when analysing this ideology. Some will say that both classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches towards this political theory and its key concepts. Firstly, both strands of Liberalism believe in the necessity of some kind of a state, since life without a state, as Thomas Hobbes stated, would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Both views consider the existence of a state to be essential in order to protect individual rights. Since liberalsRead MoreThe Similarities Between Classical and Modern Liberalism Are Greater Than the Differences1725 Words   |  7 Pagesmore evident when analysing this ideology. Some will say that both classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches towards this political theory and its key concepts. Firstly, both strands of Liberalism believe in the necessity of some kind of a state, since life without a state, as Thomas Hobbes stated, would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Both views consider the existence of a state to be essential in order to protect individual rights. Since liberalsRead MoreThe Role Of Art On The Aesthetic Education Of Man By Frederik Schiller1508 Words   |  7 Pagesof the drives, placing the main focus on the role and importance of the play-drive in human life, to finally discuss the features in Schiller’s theory of play that help elucidate the role of art in human life. According to Schiller, men in modern society experiment a conflict between the cultivation of individual talent and the welfare of their community as a single being. This conflict results in an alienation of the being and its consequent fragmentation. Taking this into account, Schiller statesRead MoreThomas Hobbes and Modern Liberalism1505 Words   |  7 Pageson individualism, along with his agreeance and acceptance of intellectual and moral autonomy it is easy to understand why many modern liberals would agree with Hobbes’s political philosophy. However, Thomas Hobbes does not support the concept of a democratic government, rather he supported the notion of a absolutist government up until his death. Special attention must be given to Hobbes’s denial that autonomy can be thought of, or conceived as, a form of self-government. It is important to takeRead More The Use of Symbols in Adrienne Richs Poem, Aunt Jennifers Tigers818 Words   |  4 Pagestheir rights of lib erty at a time when many people started to conform to established norms. He voiced his opinions about the loss of freedom and invited society to realize that they were relinquishing their rights. Years later, his views still had an impact on citizens. Adrienne Rich, a poet of the mid-1900s, also found her autonomy a necessity in life. She wrote a poem in 1951 called Aunt Jennifers Tigers, which exhibited her opinions about living a life of reliance on others. The poem illustrates

Why are some parts of China so rich while other parts are so poor Free Essays

In China there are so many places where most people are sleeping in poverty, living on streets and begging for money everyday. But so many people were rich as well, the extremes from rich to poor are in the same country. The main reason for the different economy in China is that the country is communist, under the control of Jiang Zemin. We will write a custom essay sample on Why are some parts of China so rich while other parts are so poor? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communist means that the country runs by paying each person the same wages even if they are a more authority over people and are higher up the hierarchy. Some families were also very poor because they would have a lot of children, which they could not afford to bring up. There is a lot of poverty in rural areas, whilst many people in cities are getting richer. In China there are around 1. 28 billion people, there are about 14 million unemployed people in urban areas and there are about 120 million in rural areas. This means that something must be wrong about China and why so many people can not get jobs. It is wrong to say that the main cause of the situation of people being so much rich in some areas than in others go back only to 1976. Things like the incident at Tiananmen Square in 1989 where thousands of innocent people died and got mowed down by machine guns. Through this many people were on a hunger strike where many people starved and so people got ill and couldn’t afford medicine and poverty was the inevitable which was the cause of Deng. In China when Mao was emperor he had many ideas and most of them failed or did not help him get out any competition. Some of his ideas were ‘The great leap forward’ and ‘100 hundred flowers campaign. ‘ In ‘the great leap forward’ Mao told the peasants to make steel to make their industry more successful. But this failed because the steel was weak and the crops had been forgotten about and the dry weather made the country have a famine. The ‘100 hundred flowers campaign’ in 1957 was meant to let the peasants have a say in the government and new ideas, Mao said ‘Let a hundred flowers bloom’ which was meant to let new ideas bloom. But this didn’t happen, all that happen was that Mao new who his rivals were put in jail and the campaign ended. After this people where even more afraid of speaking out against Mao, which meant they could not improve their lives. When China was under control of the Emperors there were people called the Mandarins who were the Emperor’s local officers that taxed and tortured people. At this time 80% of people were peasants and they worked very hard and tried to grow rice or millet. Population growth was a problem because in 1750 there were 100 million people and at the end of the 19th century there were 400 million people. This obviously made families poor and not enough food for everyone, which means that poverty and famine became a problem. By 1962, however, Mao began an offensive to purify the party, having grown increasingly uneasy about what he believed were the creeping â€Å"capitalist† and antisocialist tendencies in the country. As a hardened veteran revolutionary who had overcome the severest adversities, Mao continued to believe that the material incentives that had been restored to the peasants and others were corrupting the masses and were counter revolutionary. To arrest the so-called capitalist trend, Mao launched the Socialist Education Movement, in which the primary emphasis was on restoring ideological purity, rein fusing revolutionary further into the party and government bureaucracies, and intensifying class struggle. The Cultural Revolution saw rapid industrial growth mainly because unlike the rural sector after the Great Leap Forward, the urban sector still concentrated upon heavy industries. The Cultural Revolution did have an adverse impact on China’s foreign trade however, as trade was attacked as humiliating to China and as worshipping things foreign. Throughout the period of the Cultural Revolution, China in effect cut off from the rest of the world. However, it still conducted trade relations with other countries it did not recognise, but only on a limited scale and with very little growth. Until 1976, three key elements were central to Mao’s economic policy, these were the collectivisation of land, centralised control over the accumulation and reinvestment of capital, and state ownership of major industries and banks and entailing strict limitations on foreign capital and external economic factors. Land reform was the first step in the collectivisation of rural areas. However, the redistribution of land away from the landlords and rich peasants to smaller private holdings was not as successful as Mao initially hoped. Private farms were not a part of Socialist policy, and new divisions, exploitation and uneven land ownership showed signs of re-emerging. During the 1950s, therefore, collectives were established that enabled Mao to control the means of production even further, and were given quotas to supply the state with a portion of their output at pre-determined prices and also acted as pools of labour that could construct irrigation networks, roads and railway tracks. Collectives also enabled the generation of a gross operating surplus that paid for education and health services. Mao felt that industrialisation was still too slow and in a bid to quicken its pace, collectives were further organised into ‘people’s communes’ under the guise of the ‘great leap forward’ in 1958. Peasants were directed to build roads, dams and other projects relating to improving China’s infrastructure. Millions of ‘backyard furnaces’ appeared, producing mainly low quality pig iron and steel of little use for anything. Cotton was also planted throughout China – at the expense of staple crops – but had little success because of wide climatic variations. This futility came at the expense of agriculture, and resulted in widespread famines and illness. As for the industrial sector, large-scale industrial enterprises were allowed to operate independently from the state for a short period of time after liberation. But from the early 1950s on, the nationalisation of industries commenced China made a rule that every couple could only have one child and this helped the amount of people and helped families with money. One of the short term problems with Deng’s one child policy is the lack of girls. Due to population growth in China, Deng thought up a one child policy, this meant that couples are only allowed to have one child between them. Deng made a graph of the population growth for each family if they had 1, 2 3 or four children. The graph concluded that for China to have plenty of food and wealth families were only allowed to have one child. Families then chose to have baby boys and not girls, reason for this is mainly long term. Boys have been favoured over girls for most of China’s history, so when only one child was allowed per family boys were an obvious choice. But people can’t choose what the sex of their child will be, so why are there so many boys? Is there a drug that stops women from having girls, no the reason is much more sinister. If a baby girl is born they are thrown in with the rubbish or left somewhere to die! This is very brutal but it happens all over China. If a women has two children then there is great punishment, even when she is pregnant, they are forced to have an abortion, then they are sterilized and imprisoned. The harsh punishments given is enough to put anyone off having a second child. In 1974 the article in the ‘People’s Daily’ it tries to encourage modern attitudes â€Å"There is still the attitude that ‘women go home to cook meals, feed the pigs and shut up chickens, while men go home to smoke their pipes and wait for food and drink. ‘ Some even laugh at those males comrades who help their wives with the housework. † When the Chinese people had more than one child it would usually cause money problems because people didn’t have enough money, so this made families poor and so they could not help themselves. With the population getting greater and greater more and more people with no money which made the divide between rich and poor bigger. I think the reason for China being so different in economy is that the country had been so communist for many years that some people did not have good enough paid jobs and with so many children it was hard to pay for everything. The way that so many people did not have work and that China as a country did badly in exporting and importing, this made people have bad pay and long hours. This situation did not just go back from 1976 because of events like in Tiananmen Square. Deng Xioping is not to blame for the problem of poverty because he tried to help the workers by motivating them, but was just discredited by Mao. I think that that the most important person that helped create this problem was Mao because of his ideas and plans that went wrong and that when people tried to speak out and make a point across to him he just put them in jail and murdered them, so the Chinese people could not help themselves from him. How to cite Why are some parts of China so rich while other parts are so poor?, Papers

Small For Gestational Age Babies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Small For Gestational Age Babies. Answer: Possible causes of small for gestational age babies Small for gestation age is a word used to describe babies whose birth weight is less than the 10th percentile (Veglia, Cavallaro, Papageorghiou, Black Impey, 2017).This implies that, the babies are smaller than the normal babies who weigh above13 ounces, 5 pounds by the 36h week of pregnancy, thus, babies weighing below 8 ounces, 5 pounds are assumed to be low birth weight(Gupta, Naert, Rachlin, Saltzman Fox, 2017). In small for gestational age (SGA) babies are smaller in size than expected, most generally characterized as a weight beneath the tenth percentile for the gestational age (Veglia, Cavallaro, Papageorghiou, Black Impey, 2017).. Gestational age is the word used to illustrate time that has passed since the start of the ladies last menstrual period which is typically tallied in weeks since it does not depend on the actual time of fertilization, which is hard to indicate unless vitro insemination is done (Gupta, Naert, Rachlin, Saltzman Fox, 2017).. Gestational age is the essential because it is the one that determines organ development, thus the causes of small for gestational babies (SGA) are due to several factors which include; Maternal factors; this include heart or respiratory disease, malnourishment, anemia high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease advanced diabetes substance use where by nicotine is involved (Veglia, Cavallaro, Papageorghiou, Black Impey, 2017).. Variables that involve or affect the uterus and placenta; Decreased blood stream in the uterus and placenta orsuddenness (where by the placenta separates from uterus), placenta joins to low in the uterus (placenta Previa), soft tissue is infected surrounding the fetus (Veglia, Cavallaro, Papageorghiou, Black Impey, 2017). And issues that are related the development of the unborn baby ; Multiple gestation;cases where the more babies one carries increase the chance of more factors related with growth issues in the first place) birth defects, and chromosomal irregularity (Kvalvik, Haug Skjrven, 2017).. In addition, factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, infections, drug abuse, anemia, kidney diseases, and cigarette smoking can contribute to this condition (Kvalvik, HaugSkjrven, 2017). Difference between small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restriction Intrauterine growth restriction is when there is a low birth weight and the unborn baby is smaller than it should be because the baby is not growing at a normal rate inside the womb. While in cases of small for gestation age, the baby does not receive enough blood flow, thus the baby does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients because of placenta problems such as pre-eclampsia, affecting the growth of the baby (Gupta, Naert, Rachlin, Saltzman Fox, 2017). The second difference is noted during the first trimester whereby the uterine artery Doppler is greater for small gestational babies who have preeclampsia than it is the case of intrauterine growth restricted babies, this difference is eminent as a result of basic placental anomalies that are spotted sporadically on first trimester uterine Doppler evaluation (Kvalvik, Haug Skjrven, 2017). References Gupta, S., Naert, M., Lam-Rachlin, Saltzman, D., Fox, N. (2017). 250: Outcomes in patients with early onset intrauterine growth restriction and a normal workup.American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology,216(1), S155. Lebrun, J. (2017). Chylothorax and intrauterine growth restriction following in utero exposure: case report.Reactions,1640, 330-25. Kvalvik, L. G., Haug, Skjrven, R. (2017).Maternal Smoking Status in Successive Pregnancies and Risk of Having a Small for Gestational Age Infant.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology,31(1), 21-28. Veglia, M., Cavallaro, A., Papageorghiou, A., Black, R., Impey, L. (2017). Small for Gestational Age Babies After 37 Weeks: An Impact Study of a Risk Stratification Protocol.Ultrasound in Obstetrics Gynecology 3(5) 34- 56

Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender free essay sample

Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The results of this research of nursing students in Pondicherry, India, may surprise you. by S. Sridevy, B. S. N. , M. S. N. , M. A. , M. Phil. †¢ RSS †¢ Print †¢ E-mail †¢ Comment †¢ MN 2011 Spring [pic] Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The following study sought to discern the opinions of 78 senior nursing students studying in and around Pondicherry, India, regarding gender roles in their field. It aimed to determine the following: 1. Whether nursing students have different opinions of what professional roles male and female nurses should occupy. 2. Whether gender affects the image and status of the nursing profession. The results of the survey indicated that most of the nursing students prefer men to occupy administrative or teaching positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, there were statistically significant results between female and male students perceptions surrounding the effect of males on the image and status of nursing. These findings may impact local nursing education recruitment programs for both men and women, and perhaps the health service organization as a whole. Men in nursing Though they still represent a slim minority, men are increasingly pursuing careers in nursing, attracted by abundant job opportunities, good salaries, and the opportunity to make a difference in peoples lives. This is in no small part due to the fact that the nursing profession has worked for years to dispel misconceptions surrounding men in this female-dominated field. What is interesting about todays perceptions of gender in nursing is that until the days of Florence Nightingale in the late 19th century, nursing was a male-dominated profession. 1  Nightingale considered nursing a suitable job for women because it was an extension of their domestic roles. Her image of the nurse as nurturing, domestic, humble, and self-sacrificing became prevalent. Qualities associated with women, like compassion and dependency, align with those often attributed to nurses. 2  In modern times, the social construction of the role of a nurse has typically meant a caring, hardworking woman. Nursing, in the span of Nightingales lifetime, became identified as a profession deeply embedded in the female gender. 3 On the other side of the gender divide, men who enter nursing may still face questions about their masculinity or sexuality. Sociologists describe sex role socialization as instrumental for men and expressive for women. The characteristics of instrumental socialization include aggression and the ability to compete, lead, and wield power to accomplish tasks. Expressive socialization includes learning to nurture and be sensitive to needs of others. Many female dominated positions, including nursing, have difficulty attracting male recruits. This can be attributed in part to issues such as status and pay, but also to the gender stereotyping of the profession. Although the number of males in nursing has increased in recent years, the underlying feminization of nursing is still an important issue.   Persistent and outdated gender stereotypes are a big part of the problem. [pic] Today, men still only make up between 5%–10% of the nursing workforce in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Although its a small percentage, todays statistics actually represent an over 20% increase in the number of male nurses in the past two decades. 5There are many supposed reasons for the lack of men in nursing. For example, if a mans peers consider nursing emasculating, he has a disincentive for becoming a nurse. Another reason suggested is the lower economic status associated with the nursing field. 3  However, the most commonly proposed reason is that men are less likely to enter jobs associated with women than women are to enter those positions traditionally held by men. Despite the obvious disproportion of male nurses to all men, studies have also shown men are overrepresented in senior nursing posts. 2  They achieve promotion more quickly than women at all levels of the nursing hierarchy above the entry-level positions. This could be attributed to the vast difference in the number of female nurses who work part time, compared to part-time male nurses. Some researchers suggest that managers perceive part-time female staff to be less attached to their careers. 7  Studies have consistently reported that one of the major reasons for womens slower progress in nursing is the number and length of career breaks taken, particularly to have children. One such study indicated that women were 10 times more likely than men to have taken a career break to care for children.   Furthermore, male nurses may be thought to bring stability to the nursing profession, which had always been considered at the mercy of marriage and motherhood, reflecting hidden advantages for men and disadvantages for women. 1 Study specifics Participants were assured informed consent and confidentiality. All students received an explanation of the study before introduction of the questionnaire, and only those who agreed to participate continued. Students names were not sought in the questionnaires and their confidentiality was respected. Sixty-two percent of those surveyed were female and 38% were male. The first part of the survey included socio-demographic data, while the second part asked students about their perception of males in nursing and the effects of recruiting males to the field. The third section asked students about their perception of gender stereotypes. Questions included: 1. How do you feel about men in nursing? 2. Do you think nursing is a womans job? 3. Do men and women differ in their professional role? What do you think are the suitable work places and positions fit for male nurses? 5. What do you think of the effect of men on the image of nursing? Male nurses as perceived by both genders Most of the female students and nearly half of the male students chose emergency units as the most suitable area for male nurses. Nearly 42% of the female nurses preferred men to work as instructors in nursing schools after graduation. There were significant differences between both genders perceptions about the nursing positions men should occupy after graduation. While 48% of the female students considered men as staff nurses, most of the male students said they should occupy administrative (40%) or teaching posts (38%) after graduation. Significant differences were also found between the female and male students perceptions regarding the effect of males on the image of nursing. When asked if men improve the image of nursing, 54% of the female respondents agreed, compared to 90% of the male respondents. Cultural values, a lack of understanding about what nurses really do at work, and the way nurses are portrayed in popular media highly affect the public image of nursing. The results of the survey show that male students prefer administrative/instructional positions after graduation. In contrast, female students said they more often preferred men to assume staff nurse positions. While there are difficulties for men working in female-dominated professions, male nurses tend to have a faster and more straightforward career progression than their female counterparts. Male students exhibited gender role tension about nursing, as 43% considered nursing a female profession. Some research reports numbers as high as 82% of male high school students would not choose nursing as a career, believing it should be a female-only profession. 9, 10) Conclusions and recommendations The results of this study indicate that nursing continues to be seen as a female-dominated profession, especially by male students, despite the ever-increasing number of men in nursing. Stereotypical notions of gender roles possibly affect male students desire to occupy administrative positio ns after graduation, though further studies are needed. Nursing as a profession can only benefit from a talent pool drawing a proportionate number of men. Nursing schools, health care organizations, and the media should continue to advocate for the profession, portraying positive images of the field and male nurses. A community education campaign to improve the image of nursing could also be initiated. To emphasize a nurses role identity without any gender segregations, school educators should encourage students to manage gender-related problems.

Queen Christina of Sweden essays

Queen Christina of Sweden essays Queen Christina was a complex personality (Stolpe 150). She lived a very interesting life with many problems along the way. Although Christina would provide major contributions to Sweden as a ruler, advocate of religious freedom, and as a patroness of the arts and sciences, she would also have many problems concerning those aspects as well as marriage and her sexuality (Philemon). Christinas courage, her belief in rights and liberties, rare in her day, her recognition of religious and spiritual values, and her generosity went far to mitigate her glaring faults, which she paid for with a life of great unhappiness (Masson 375). Christina Wasa was born in Sweden on December 8, 1926 to King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora. She was predicted to be a boy, and even once she was born, was thought to be a boy. As her fathers only child, she was declared to be his successor. While her father, King Gustav, was off fighting for Sweden in the Thirty Years War, Christina was tutored and Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna ruled Sweden until she would be able to take the throne (Philemon). While Christina enjoyed her studying, she also loved the more masculine activities of hunting and sport just as well. Throughout her life, she would present herself towards the male side as much as she could. Christina said of herself to be an ineradicable prejudice against everything that women like to talk about or do. In womens words and occupations, I showed myself to be quite incapable, and I saw no possibility of improvement in this respect (Stolpe 40). Christinas father died at war in 1632, and at age 5, she was crowned qu een, but still needed lots of help from her regency. At age 13, she began to really govern Sweden and was admitted to council meetings, and at age 18, she is officially coronated Queen of Sweden (Phile ...

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Statement - Essay Example The vehicles are not a part of the operations for the next three years. The furniture and fixtures are depreciated at a useful life of five years. Equipments are depreciated at four years of useful life and building is also the part of the balance sheet for the first 3 years. The company will invest in buildings once the brand is known to the consumers. The account of reserves of bad debts are to be increased at the rate of five percent of the reserves of bad debt accounts of the previous year. The increase in the cash in hand, cash at bank and accounts receivable is estimated to increase with an average rate of five percent that are subjected to the projected estimates for the revenues. The projections of the sales of the company vary according to the seasonal changes due to which there is a fluctuation in the sales volume of the company on the basis of its monthly accounts. Looking at the cash flow of the company it can be noted that the company does not announced to pay off any of dividends or any additional cash against its current assets, borrowings or long-term assets. It can also be noted that the inflow of the cash relies on the sales of the company. Hence, it can be noted that the cash from the operations of the company and the outflow of the cash is mainly focused to the payments of the utilities, bills and cash spending (AASB 139 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement. 2014).   The company does not intend to create reserves for earnings or dividends to its shareholder.

Elecitation and pretexting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elecitation and pretexting - Essay Example It is the use of publicly available information to in order to creates ones new identity and using it to acquire information needed to convince their target to take a specific action. The tools of social engineering can be used to detect criminal activities by tracing the conversations of the suspects before they engage in attacks. Elicitation has aided in the fight against global challenges such as terrorism through the tracking of conversations using modern communication gadgets. It can be used to get some vital information that may lead to the hideouts of criminals. The tool is used by politicians and other leaders to make inroads into the camps of opponents for safeguarding the nation. Pretexting can be used to gain vital information on the operations of illegal business ventures and bringing them to the public for legal measures to be undertaken. Intelligence services adopt the use of elicitation to track down hackers who use similar techniques in propagating criminal activities (Hadnagy,

Mobile Technology in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile Technology in Education - Research Paper Example This research paper will focus on the use of mobile technology in the region of United States, its acceptability as well as its pros and cons on the population of United States. Mobile devices or technology used in educational settings is regarded as instructional technology which is used to facilitate the process of learning and helping in the improvement of performance of students and educators (Reiser, 2012). Mobile technology is not only being used within the setting of classrooms, it is even being used outside the classrooms for learning and development. A study was conducted by Bangert in which the author identified that a total of 249 students at an American university named Montana State University were using Smartphone in order to continue learning outside their classrooms (Bangert, 2014). There are various mobile devices being used for learning and development by the students belonging to different fields in the United States. For example: students belonging to the field of medicine are using tablet computers which are a form of mobile devices and these devices have been quite useful in preclinical education (Robinson, 2013). There are various benefits that can be attained through the use of mobile technology in classrooms. These technologies help in making different educational processes effective and efficient. One of the major benefits of using mobile technologies in classroom is that it can assist in submission of work. A study was conducted by Lindquist in which the researcher identified various methods through which students could submit various forms of assignments and tasks with the use of a mobile phone (Lindquist, 2007). The researcher identified that students can submit answers in text based form to their teachers by text messaging the answers to the teachers. The researcher even identified that students can post or send picture based

Overview of Brazils macro environment

Overview of Brazils macro environment Being one of the members of the Big Four BRIC countries, Brazil experienced the economic downturn and bust and has been hampered by excessive indebtedness and high inflation in the past. Since 1990s, Brazil has implemented numerous policies with government and authorities support to launch the reform. Brazils economies started to growth rapidly after policies and stabilization plan were implemented. Moreover, the ongoing sound marco-economic and social policies have extended the period of stability, growth and social gains (WorldBank, 2010). Thus, the continuous development of its interior for hosting the World Cup and Olympic Games in 2014 and 2016 respectively can pursue industrial and agricultural growth. With the vast natural resources, labor pool and trading opportunities to other foreign countries therefore significantly increased in Brazil and more foreign investors were attracted. Nowadays, it has become a regional leader with leading economic power of South America that is one of the first in the area to begin an economic recovery (InvestorPlace, 2010). Overview of Brazils macro-environment In this section, it is going to overview Brazils macro environment by applying PEST analysis and the few aspects are being discussed as follow. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is analyzing the external environment which is analyzing the factors of Marco-environment. It includes Political factors, Economic factors, Sociological factors and the Technological factors (Jobber, D., 2004). Political Factors Refer to Figure 2.1, Brazil has the stable political climate which under the leadership of the communist party. The legal system of it is based on the Roman Codes (CIA, 2010). Brazil has 26 administrative divisions and the government is divided into executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch (CIA, 2010). In addition, it perceived the corruption problem as ranked 75th position out of 180 nations of the transparency Internationals 2009 Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency, 2010). In addition, Brazil involved within the free trade agreement that is signed by the United States, Central America and Dominican Republic which benefited Brazil for trading opportunities (BusyTrade, 2010). Furthermore, it launched the Growth Acceleration Plan in 2007 to develop and steady the economic growth (WorldBank, 2010) Being one of the emerging economies in the world, Brazils economy is growing at a moderate but steady level with continuous growing GDP. Refer to Figure 2.2 which is figured out that the GDP of Brazil is constant growth during 2000 to 2007 significantly.and maintained the sustainable growth to 2008. From Figure 2.3, Brazil weathered the global financial downturn with relatively minor impacts.  The country was one of the last to fall  into recession in 2008 and among the first to resume growth in 2009. With the large growth in agricultural, manufacturing and mining, it ranked highest among the South American countries with the strong position in the global economy (Tradingeconomics, 2010). Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the worlds tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It has large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool. Thus, the expanding of its presence in international financial and commodities markets can help Brazils economic keep on growth Refer to Figure 2.4, the interest rate in Brazil is kept on declining as to attract more foreign direct investment. The government lowered down the interest rate, in consequence, to lower the inflation rate. From Figure 2.4, Brazil suffered serious inflation rate in 2008. However, it declined during 2009. The latest inflation rate is 4.6% in July of 2010 which means the prices measured against the standard purchasing power is still high. According to Figure 2.6, about currency convertibility, Brazil allows its currency to adjust in value in foreign exchange markets so long as the fluctuations in value. From Table 2.7, the mid-year population is 201,103 thousands and ranked 5 out of 238 countries (CIA, 2010). Brazil was one of the largest population countries in the world. The growth rate of 2010 is 1.2 which was lower than 1995 and 2005. The nationality of Brazil was Brazilians (CIA, 2010) and the religions were mainly Roman Catholic (CIA, 2010). The languages of Brazilians were Portuguese (CIA, 2010). From Figure 2.8, Brazil does not suffer from aging problem. And the birth rate was maintained from 2009 that 18.43% in Figure 2.9 (UNICEF, 2010). Together with longer life expectancy with the index of life expecting at birth in 2008 is around 71.99 years old as maintained (UNICEF, 2009). The labour force is 101.7 million in 2009 that ranked 6th out of 228 countries (CIA, 2010). The unemployment rate is kept on dropping in these 2 years as refer to Figure 2.10. The role of female and male are vary by social classes (EveryCulture, 2010). Most of the Brazilian women had jobs outside home and employed in low-skill or low paying jobs (EveryCulture, 2010). It meant that there was no gender equality in that society. Source: Tradingeconomics, 2010 Despite the poverty ratio is decreasing as refer to Figure 2.11, Brazils inequality levels remains among the highest in the world. Many people still live in poverty with social exclusion is quantitatively and qualitatively pronounced and structurally ingrained (WorldBank, 2010). Technology Factors Brazil is a leader in science and technology in South America and in some fields as a global leader. About the technological research is largely carried out in Brazil which is mainly supported by government. Furthermore, the Brazilian information technology market is the largest in Latin America and the spending on IT product and services is expected to increase positively. Together with the expending economy lifting millions into middle class for whom computers are no longer beyond reach. Brazils IT services market is expected to continue to grow strongly in 2010, with total spending of around US$9.4bn as the economy continues to bounce back from recession. For a developing market, the percentage of Brazil IT market revenues generated by services is high at around 38%, which corresponds more to developed market levels. Brazil government supported the technology development by providing the funding as it was the leader of science and technology development in South America. Refer to Figure 2.12, Brazils research and development is keen on innovation of technology infrastructure. Ideological Factors Brazilians had the strong national ideology that they called their land as the racial democracy (EveryCulture, 2010). They were seldom judge on the black and white people but classified racially depend on the social classes (EveryCulture, 2010). As a result, it meant that Brazilians were having heavy concepts on the social classes. Brazils Trade, Investment and Migration Pattern Brazil is in Group 4 which is the nearly new industrialised economies with the average growth rate in pass decades (Thompson, G., 1998). Agricultural was playing an important role in Brazil. However, Brazil is turning from agricultural to industrialization. Agricultural should be a critical role to Brazil (Balassa, B., 1998). As a result, in order to develop the economics, Brazil needed to import the industrialization subsidiaries such as machinery and equipment. By the trade theory, the comparative advantage of the nation is determined by factor endowments (Thompson, G., 1998). During the process of industrialization, the structure of comparative advantage shifts from simple, labor-intensive product to sophisticated capital and technology-intensive product (Thompson, G., 1998). As a result, Brazil as the latecomer industrialization (Thompson, G., 1998) begins to import the products from the advanced nations such as United States. The following are the indicators of imports and exports by values. From Figure 3.1, Brazils value of exports and imports is sustainable growth during 2007 to 2008. As the brought down by weaker economic activity and lower global commodity prices drive the total exports fell by 22.7% (in US dollar terms) and imports by 26% as economic recession (CIA, 2010). Furthermore, Brazils export major commodities are transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos is ranked 26th when compare to the universal. And import major commodities are machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, and electronics (CIA, 2010). Investment pattern In Latin America, Brazil is the largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) as Brazil is open to and encourages foreign investment. Only generate the domestic savings is not sufficient for sustainable long-term growth in Brazil (Investorplace, 2010), thus must continue to attract FDI. Together with the legislation promoting public-private partnerships and infrastructure development program known as the Growth Acceleration Program can boost Brazils economic. From Figure 3.2, the foreign direct investment climate was not stable during 2002 to 2009. There are undulated changes during 2007 to 2009 because of low labour cost and rich natural resources, hence, many foreign direct investments were attracted to invest in Brazil. For many foreign direct investors, the most attraction point was the growing local market and policies that encourage the foreign investment (Hubpages, 2010). The largest single source of the foreign investment in Brazil was the United States, then Germany, Japan as follow (Hubpages, 2010). Moreover, the biggest foreign direct investment activities were invested in manufacturing (Hubpages, 2010). In 2014 and 2016, it is going to held World Cup and Olympics encourage the investment through tourism sector (InvestBrazil, 2010). Migration pattern As economic growth, Brazilian started to move to urban to have a better living environment. There were two factors driven the movement, push and pull factors (Thompson, G., 1998). Push factor was Brazilian to avoid poverty and poor living standard. Pull factor was Brazilian to improve the living environment. As a result, there is now 88% of population is classified as urban (CIA, 2010). Only a few percent were still living near the coast. The net migration rate was -0.09 migrants/1,000 population (CIA, 2010). Relationship between Brazil and the international environment Political Factors In 1990, Brazils government has radically changed the framework conditions for industrial development accompanied by technology and industrial policy programs. Moreover, Brazil is gradually opening the market to foreign competitors that remarked few regulations on trade and investment from foreign countries, thus creating an environment that requires international competitiveness and thereby forces companies to attain international levels of quality and efficiency (BrazilGov, 2010). There are a number of implications that Brazil is implementing to control the Foreign exchange rate of currency with the policies and action programs. Moreover, the presence of legal and regulatory trading protection for foreign investor doing business in Brazil. As refer to Figure 4.1, Brazil was ranked 73th out of the 183 best practice economies countries (IFC, 2010). Together with foreign direct investment and government support that has mobilized a significantly large amount of capital to upgrade the infrastructure of interior (FloridaBrazil, 2010). Economical Factors Despite the economic crisis, Brazils GDP showed continued growth through 2007-2008 while other regional countries GDP declined (Worldbank, 2010). In addition, the steady growth with strong consumer spending and job creation that stability of living forming a healthy economy, hence, Brazil certainly attract the foreign investors to catch up the business opportunity (Obelisk, 2010). Brazil with large growing in agricultural, manufacturing and mining, thus, Brazil is keen on performing its potential to being emerging market. As a result, Brazil ranks among the 10th richest nations of the world by GDP and has maintained the lowest external debt when compared to other regional countries (SloanCenter, 2010). Sociological Factors Brazil is one of the countries that has the largest population of the world with around 102 million labor force that ranked as 6th when comparing to the world as shown in Figure (CIA, 2010). Ideological Factors Brazilians had strong sense of national ideology that proud of their countrys natural resources and diverse culture (EveryCulture, 2010). Besides, Brazilians are welcome the foreigners to travel and invest in such robust emerging market (FloridaBrazil, 2010). Foreign Relations Brazil is a community leader in Linter American with collective security efforts in economic cooperation of Western Hemisphere (BrazilGov, 2010). Moreover, as a member of Organization of American States and Inter American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance that can figure out that Brazil has potential to expand relations with its neighbors (BrazilGov, 2010). In addition, Brazil is a founding member of the Latin American Integration Association and Union of South American Nations that has been a leader of G-20 group of nations (BrazilGov, 2010). In 2009, Brazil not only became a creditor country that trading with United States, Western Europe, and Japan, but also China is a growing market for Brazilian exports. Characteristics and Challenges of macro-environmental factors towards the trade, investment and migration patterns of emerging markets Main drivers for doing business in Brazil Brazil is the 5th largest economy with population of 198 million. Many local companies are undervalued and in need of restructuring, capital and technology Growth potential and consumer market Broad industrial base and infrastructure, and a diversified economy Creativity and flexibility of labor force, coupled with its competitive cost basis Abundant agricultural, mineral and energy resources and potential Established transportation networks (railways, highways, ports) and distribution channels in most industrialized areas Privatization in late stages and follow-on transactions still in development Inflation under control in the last 10 years Increasing globalization and international trade, with Government policies favoring exports Foreign investors are eligible for most available fiscal incentives Goodwill generally tax deductible New regulations favoring minority shareholders Improvement in local capital and debt markets Main Challenges of doing Deals in Brazil Complex tax and employee related regulatory environment, with high taxes and social charges on payroll, sales and income Multiple taxes with fast changing legislation affecting business plans and increasing risks of contingencies Economic environment still considered volatile as compared to more stable economies Fast-changing business conditions Lack of local financing coupled with high real interest rates Quality of historical financial information affected by fluctuations in exchange rates and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles differences Complex transfer pricing and foreign capital registration rules Difficulties in reorganizing companies quickly, including high costs for employee terminations Important cultural peculiarities, including a different perception of the due diligence process Sometimes the  ³know-who ´ is more important than the know-how in the local market Considerable bureaucratic rules and regulations for certain businesses and industries High demand for investments in the distribution channels and infrastructure Semi-skilled and unskilled labor in certain developing areas Social extremes with unequal distribution of wealth a significant portion of the Population not participating in the consumer market Justification of selection of Brazil There are many reasons of choosing Vietnam and going to identify its economic future as emerging market. First, Brazil has strong commitment that has made significant progress in developing a sustainable investment market over the last decade and rightly deserves its reputation as the leader among emerging economies in this regard. These achievements can proofed that foreign investors are tend to doing business in Brazil as refer to Figure 6.1, 6.2. Second, the evolution of a sustainable investment market by Brazil has led other emerging markets to focus on the same issues and goals. Third, Brazil has strong business case that importance of sustainability in business and investment in Brazil that provide stable political climate and facilitated rules and regulations that maintained the economy steady growth. Finally, Brazil demonstrated impressive courage, determination, flexibility, and creativity in sustainable future. Together with Brazils stable economic and political environment that liberal investment and governments commitment to economic reform can direct Brazil being success. In order entering into Brazil, 4P is playing an important role to guide the investors as refer to Figure 7.1. Product Product is a key element in the overall marketing offering. (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). From Figure 7.2, there are three levels of products which are core benefits, actual product and augmented product. In order to evaluate the product element in Brazil, it is important to understand their lifestyle, habit and their consumption behaviour. Nowadays, Brazilian demand more IT products such as mobile phone, computers and software. Moreover, as Brazilian are becoming more wealthy, the demand of housing and transportation are increasing (Laposte, 2010). Most Brazilian including the low-income population is loyal to brands. Those people with the upper-middle classes are pay attention on the quality and the value-added services such as the warranty or after-sales services. They will not reject the foreign goods although they have the national pride (Laposte, 2010). As a result, based on the three levels of product, in order to design the product to enter into Brazil, it is recommended that import the convenience, shopping and specialty products to satisfy both low and high income group. For the low income group, the core benefit of the product should be high quality commodities with low price such as toothpaste. For the high income group, the core benefit of the product should be strong brand preference such as luxury goods. Price Price is the amount of money charged for a product or services (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). As there is a wide gap of rich and poor in Brazil, the price setting should based on the target segment which is the segmented pricing. Segment pricing is selling products or services at two or more prices which difference in price not differences in costs (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). If the target segment is the low-middle class, the price setting should be lower. If the target segment is the high-middle class, the price can be higher as they are less price-sensitive. Place (Distribution Channel) Marketing channel is a set of independent organization that help make the product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). When enter into Brazil, producers cannot sell the goods directly to the final users. As a result, the intermediaries are playing the important role to bring the products to the markets. In Brazil, supermarket is becoming more important for the distribution channel as it made 80% of sales (Laposte, 2010). There are several large local wholesalers and retailers in Brazil. When entering into Brazil, it can choose the major wholesaler as the intermediaries to help bringing the foreign products to Brazilian. Promotion Promotion mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing that a company uses to persuasively communicate customer value and build customer relationships. (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). In order to make the effective promotion in Brazil, it is going to discuss on the media environment in Brazil. Television has the lowest average Advertising Index in the world (Anonymous, 2006). However, it was the most effective promotion tools to Brazilian. Refer to Table 7.1, TVs penetration is 97.4% which was dominant. Brazilian watched television over five hours per day. As a result, the promotion should mainly focus on television which has a high coverage. Moreover, there is another new opportunity to promote in Brazil which is direct e-marketing such as telemarketing, e-mail etc. These can be used as the promotional tactics but not to maintain the relationship between the customers and companies (Laposte, 2010). The most effective way of the promotion strategy should be the pull strategy which spends a lot on advertising to create customers demand on products (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). In addition, the promotional message on advertising should be reflecting Brazils culture such as Brazilian is enthusiasm. Conclusion Brazil has steadily improved macroeconomic stability, building up foreign reserves, reducing its debt profile by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments, adhering to an inflation target, and committing to fiscal responsibility. Brazils potential can be maintained and sustained in future of development.

Wicca Essays -- essays research papers

Wicca/Witchcraft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wicca is an Old English word that means 'The Wise Ones'; or 'Keepers of Knowledge';. Wicca is one of the most ancient followings. Wicca is a Neo-Pagan following with many traditions that date to pre-Christian times. It is based on a deep respect for nature and the knowledge that we should not exploit it for our own gain. Wicca is not recognized as a religion by anyone other than its followers. Wicca is not a cult. Many Wiccans are independent and worship on their own or with a group of Wiccans, but they do not follow any one person. There are many types of Wicca, as many as 13 different traditions have been founded. One of the oldest unchanged traditions is the Strega Witchcraft. A witch named Aradia founded this tradition about 1353 CE. Two other large traditions include Gardnerian and Celtic forms. The Gardnerian tradition is based on the works of Dr. Gerald Brosseau Gardner. He researched much of the history of witchcraft and wrote The Book of Shadows with that knowledge. The Book of Shadows is used as the basis for ritual practice in the Gardnerian tradition. The Celtic Wicca is also a very old form. It is based on Celtic/Druidic practices and uses many of the Celtic deities, elements, and nature. Wiccans believe that both animate and inanimate objects possess a spirit, which forms part of the Whole, or 'The Cosmic Web';. The term spirit does not mean ghost, it means that which links something to nature so that it is rec...

Nail Biting

Nail Biting Do you constantly find yourself biting your nails off for no reason at all? Or have you ever thought about the damages caused by nail biting? Many people do not realize and know that there are medical affects and explanations for nail biting. Adults usually do not find themselves with this bad habit because nail biting is most common among kids and teens but mainly more within guys than girls. However regardless of gender or age nail biting can lead to unwanted consequences caused by stress, nervousness, or hunger. Unwanted consequences mainly consist with dental complications such as the chipping of your teeth.For most people, chipping a tooth is the only negative effect that biting your nails might have on your teeth. In fact, the book Pediatric Dentistry by Pinkham states: There is no evidence that nail biting can cause dental change other than minor enamel fractures. Nail biting can also cause a gap between your two front teeth. If the nail biting habit begins when th e child is very young, it has been reported to cause a gap between teeth. In addition causing gaps between your teeth can cause the roots of your teeth to become weaker. Nail biting during braces has been shown to cause root resorption.Last but not least nail biting can cause gingivitis. For example in the case report of a nine-year-old boy whose father called the dental office to describe his son's complaint of swelling of the gums surrounding the top front tooth. The patient came to the office the same day. The initial clinical examination revealed swelling of the gingival. During discussion with the parent and patient, the dentist noted that the patient's fingernails were bitten off. The patient and parent confirmed a habit of nail biting. Therefore the dentist removed from the gums a piece of nail that was compressed in.Nail biting can cause many dental complications however, what causes people to bit their nails? Many doctors and psychologists state that medical and psychologic al situations cause nail biting to occur without even realizing it. For example nail-biting is a common stress-relieving habit. Stress is that feeling you get when you're really worried about something. There are general factors that can lead to stress such as threats which include physical threats, social threats, financial threats, fears, and uncertainty. Therefore a common way people to react to stress is nail biting.A child or even an adult uses nail biting as a coping mechanism to relieve stuffed emotions. It has been documented that some people bite their nails in their sleep, sometimes wholly. This has been linked to stress while dreaming. Secondly, nervousness also leads to nail biting. When people are nervous, they fidget. Fidgeting involves moving with excitement. Hands, legs and other parts of the body make quick movements, with no particular aim. This is a reflex movement, initiated by the subconscious mind. This is a reaction to a tense situation. We do not know what to do but we know that we have to do something.Nail biting is one way of the body's response to the call for doing something. Children sometimes face an unpleasant situation. They commit a mischief and are caught. When they are confronted by their parents or teachers, they just stand biting their nails. This is a defense mechanism to prevent the children from doing an absurd act that could make the matter worse. Thirdly, as simple as this may sound, it has been revealed that some people who suffer from biting on their nails complains that they will only do so when they are feeling extremely hungry.Some will even go as far as to say that when they are hungry and they chew on their fingernails, they will get a soothing, as well as a comforting feeling that will sometimes drive away the hunger sensation. Several treatment measures may help you stop biting your nails. For example keeping your nails trimmed and filed, taking care of your nails can help reduce your nail-biting habit and enc ourage you to keep your nails attractive. Also try substituting another activity, such as drawing, writing when you find yourself biting your nails.Substituting nail biting can reduce the chances of getting dental complications. However it is important to keep in mind that psychological factors contribute to the bad habit of nail biting which is stress nervousness or hunger. These factors should be considered in stopping the reoccurrence of nail biting. http://www. nail-care-tips. com/nail-biting. php http://www. ehow. com/about_5097901_reasons-nail-biting. html http://www. tellinitlikeitis. net/2009/04/nail-biting-causes-consequences-cure-how-to-stop- biting-your-nails. html http://www. webmd. com/healthy-beauty/guide/stop-nail-biting-tips

Search and Seizure Essay Example

Search and Seizure Essay Example Search and Seizure Essay Search and Seizure Essay Unit 5: Midterm Project Carolyn Newton Associates Capstone in Criminal Justice CJ299-01 Professor: Jennifer Wills October 3, 2011 The search of the crime scene is the most important phase of any investigation. Decisions of the courts restricting admissibility of testimonial evidence have significantly increased the value of physical evidence in homicide investigations. Therefore, law enforcement personnel involved in the crime scene search must arrange for the proper and effective collection of evidence at the scene. The arguments the lawyer’s will make in the William’s case is: once an item is recognized as evidence it must be properly collected and preserved for laboratory examination. However, in order for physical evidence to be admissible, it must have been legally obtained. The courts have severely restricted the right of the police to search certain homicide crime scenes without a search warrant, (Mincey v. Arizona 437 US 385, 1978). His lawyer’s argument will be that Williams Forth Amendment rights were violated because it states that: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized therefore, the police should have first secured a search warrant†. Because the evidence collected at the Ellis home was obtained without a warrant, this would be the argument of the defense to have the evidence excluded. The exclusion in this case should only pertain to the evidence collected from the Ellis home. Any and all evidence that was collected from the Stevens home should not be excluded because it was collected with consent of the homeowner. In this case, Mrs. Stevens gave permission for the police to search her home and the fact that Mr. Stevens was now deceased; there would be no need for his consent. Without probable cause or a warrant, the police can search when they have voluntary consent from the individual. The consent must in fact be voluntary and not the result of duress or coercion expresses or implied. State v. Pearson, 234 Kan. 906, 631 P. 2d 605 (1984); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U. S. 218, 225-26, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854 (1973). Consent would be a legal justification for a search because it states that: If the person who is in control of the property consents to the search without being coerced or tricked into doing so, a search without a warrant is valid. Note that police do not have to tell you that you have the right to refuse a search, but you do. Also, note that if you have a roommate, he or she can consent to a search of the common areas of your dwelling (kitchen, living room), but not to your private areas (bedroom, for instance). On the other hand, the Supreme Court recently ruled that one spouse cannot consent to the search of a house on behalf of the other. In 1984 The Supreme Court once again stepped in to address the same issue in Thompson v Louisiana 469 US 17 (1984). In the Thompson case, a woman who was reportedly depressed shot and killed her husband. She then took an overdose of pills in an attempt to commit suicide. She then suddenly experienced a change-of-heart and decided she didnt want to die. She called her daughter, who in turn called the Sheriffs Department, which dispatched an ambulance and deputies to the womans home. The woman was transported to the hospital where she was treated. Investigators were called to the house and gathered evidence of the murder in the crime scene. The woman was subsequently charged and convicted in the murder of her husband. The United States Supreme Court ruled against The State of Louisiana citing the Mincey Decision and the expectation of privacy provided in the Fourth Amendment. The womans conviction was overturned. Once again the courts ruled that there was NO Homicide Exception and that the police were required to obtain a search warrant. The Exclusionary Rule is available to a defendant in a criminal case as a remedy for illegal searches that violate the rights set forth in the Fourth Amendment. When applicable, the rule dictates that the evidence illegally btained must be excluded as evidence under the Fourth Amendment. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643. One important corollary to the Exclusionary Rule is the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine. (McManus 2003). This rule holds that, in addition to the material uncovered during the illegal search being inadmissible, any evidence that is later gathered as an indirect result of the illegal search will also be excluded. Wong Sun v. United St ates, 371 U. S. 471. Example: 1- Say for instance, the police illegally search an individual’s home and find drugs. The drugs will be excluded as evidence in the case against the individual in accordance with the exclusionary rule. Example : 2 If the police conduct an illegal search of an individual’s home and find a map showing the location of a well-hidden, remotely located outdoor marijuana field. The police go to the field and seize the marijuana. Under the doctrine of fruit of the poisonous tree, the marijuana will be excluded as evidence in the case against the individual as it stemmed directly from an illegal search. There are two important exceptions to the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine: 1. If the police have an independent source of knowledge of the evidence aside from the fruits of the illegal search, then the doctrine will not exclude the discovered evidence. 2. If the discovery of the evidence was inevitable, the evidence may be admitted, as it was not then the illegal search that caused the evidence to be found. â€Å"Inevitable† is a strong word, and in order to admit evidence under this exception, a court must find that police would have discovered the evidence whether or not they conducted the unreasonable search. Example: 1: 2- If an officer illegally searches an individual’s barn and discovers documents identifying the individual as the culprit behind an internet scam. The next day a confidential informant e-mails the officer the same documents. The documents are admissible as evidence because there was an independent source for the evidence besides the illegal search After arriving at the scene, I would have taken the route least likely to disturb evidence, noting my route of travel. After checking the victim for signs of life, (breathing and neck area for pulse). I would then have noted the time of arrival. Before allowing the removal of the victim (Mr. Williams), I would have photographed his position at the scene and obtained any and all physical evidence from victim. After notifying command, I would then request assistance, and begin by making a video tape recording of the crime scene which would include video tape shots of the evidence being collected, and examining the victim at scene. I would then begin organizing the search by adopting a specific plan, assigning tasks areas of search to individual officers. One officer would be assigned to collect, mark and transport items found. I would then execute the search by carefully following the planned assigned tasks. Next, by marking and photographing the location of objects found such as the knife, latent fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, hair, fragments of cloth, buttons, cigarette butts, bloodstains, etc. All of this would be done while the team is waiting for the search warrant to arrive. References Hendrie, Edward M. // FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Sep97, Vol. 66 Issue 9, p26 McManus, Brian C. // Defense Counsel Journal; Apr2003, Vol. 70 Issue 2, p540 (Mincey v. Arizona 437 US 385 (1978). State v. Pearson, 234 Kan. 906, 631 P. 2d 605 (1984); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412. Thompson v Louisiana 469 US 17 (1984). S. 218, 225-26, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed. 2d, 854 (1973).

Notes of business mathematics Essays

Notes of business mathematics Essays Notes of business mathematics Essay Notes of business mathematics Essay Mr.. Shave Sings Kansas 1 . The product of 2 numbers is 60 and their arithmetic mean in 8, find the numbers. 2. The monthly salary of a persona was RSI. 320 for each of the first three years. He next got annul increment of RSI. 40 per month for each of the following successive 12 years. His salary remained stationary till retirement when he found that his average monthly salary during the service period was RSI. 698. Find the period of his service. 3. Divide 36 into 6 parts in A. P such that the sum of their squares in RSI. 286. 4. A man saved RSI. 20,000 in 16 years. In each year after the first he saved RSI. 0 move that he did in the preceding year. How much did he save in the next year? 5. The some of three numbers in G. P in 70. If the extremes be multiplied each by 4 and the mean by 5 the products are in A. P find the numbers. 6. Three numbers whose sum is 18 are in A. P if 2, 1 are added to then respectively the resulting numbers are in G. P determine the numbers. Solve the equ ations. 7. 8. EX.-XX+100=o for example 9. XX-xx=1 11 . XX+2=12-XX 12. A fathers age is four times that of his son before 8 years the fathers age was sixteen times that of the son. Find fathers age. 13. A positive number is such that two third of its square equal 7 times the number. Find the number. 14. The sum of a denominator and numerator a fraction is 12. The fraction becomes equal to if 1 is subtracted from both denominator and numerator. Find the fraction? 15. Total price of 16 Keg. Wheat and 6 Keg. Rice is Rig the total price of 24 Keg. Rice is RSI. 52. 50 find the rate per Keg. Of wheat and rice. 16. A man sells 7 horses and 8 course at RSI. 2940 and 5 horses and scows at RSI. 21 50 what is the selling price of each? 7. There are only fifty paisa and twenty five paisa coins in a box. If the no. Of coins is 21 and their value is RSI. 6. Find the no. Of each type of coins matrix. 18. A manufacturer three terms P, Q R and sells them is two markets I II annual sales are given below. 2000 3000 the total revenue of each market using matrix. 19. Find A-I 20. Let A 21. Let A 22. A sales man has the following record of sales during three weeks for the three items X,Y Z which have different rate of commission. Weeks Unit sold Total Commission x z 2 3 50 20 10 270 450 260 23. One unit of commodity A is produced by combining 1 unit of land, 2 units of labor and 5 units of capital. One unit of B is produced by 2 unit of lard, 3 units of labor and 1 unit of capital, one unit of C is produced by 3 units of land, 1 unit of labor and 2 units of capital. If the price of C are RSI. 27, RSI. 16 Rs. 19 respectively find the rent R, wage W,7 rate of interest. Percentage 24. A businessman donated 3% of his income and spends 90% of his income on his family if a balance RSI. 1750 is with him find out his income. 25. A man has certain sum of money. He gang 20% of it to his eldest son 30% of the remaining to his youngest son and 10% of remaining term poor boys in a school. Still he has RSI. 100 and 50 paisa with him. Find the total sum? 26. A person saves 3/5 of what he spends from his income. Find out how much percentage of income does he saves. 27. When sales tax increased from 2% to 4 h%. A customer paid RSI. 63. 72 more then that of previous purchase. What is the cost price of that material? 28. There are 10 seats in a bus. In how many ways can four passengers acquire the 10 seats. 29. Find the value of r if pr =42. 0. A student decides to spare half an hour for each subject. If he has to study five present worth and true discount on a bill of RSI. 38 due 2 years hence at 4% compound interest compounded annually. 32. A farmer borrowed RSI. 4800 for his sons marriage and repaid the can after 3 years. If simple intent at the rate of 6 was charged. What additional amount had he to pay. 33. Purport borrowed RSI. 8000 10 years at compound interest and the rate of interest were 3% P. A for the first 3 years. 5% for the next four years and 6% for the rest 3 years. Calculate compound interest. 4. In what time a sum of money doubles it at 7 h% compound interest per annum? 35. A loan of RSI. 1000 is to be paid in 5 equal installments interest being at 6% per annum. Compounded annually and first payment being made after a year. What will be the interest per year? Verify your result also. Find DAY/DXL 37. Y 38. (213-21) 39. Y=xx (213+1) 40. Y?+, then show that 41 . XX+Y = sax 42. 43. 44. If xrexes-y Phone that 45. Y 46. In a certain examination 75% pars is group A 82% in group B and 15% fail in both the groups. Find out what percent are pass is examination. 47. A survey reports that 80% of the populations read magazine M. And 55% are males find the least possible percentage of males reading M and females reading M. 48. Define a set and give examples to illustrate the difference between collections a set. What are different ways to specify a set. Give examples. 49. Define relation on a set. What do you mean by the domain and range of a relation give examples. 50. Define reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation. Give example of each. 51 . A market research team interviews 160 students asking each of them whether are reads any or all of the gained: A, India today; B, business India; c, today. The team returns the following data. Category Number Category c AC BBC Are the returns consistent?

Cultural Awarness on Venezuela Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Awarness on Venezuela - Essay Example Apart from its stunning scenery, Venezuela moreover is abundant with natural wealth that the rest of the worldwide public is hurried to get at. Inappropriately latest bullying to the land-living, folks, and administration have overpowered the republic into close devastation (Duarte et al). Venezuelas countrywide populace is almost comparable to that of most other South American nations, with a blend of primary aboriginal inhabitants, a huge Spanish arrival, and noteworthy residents of African descent. There have also been distinguished Latin American and European immigrations in the past two epochs. Even with these diverse inhabitants, conversely, Venezuela has one of the greatest established state identities in the landmass. This state firmness is almost certainly due to dual factors: Venezuela has an enormously lesser fashionable manifestation of native groups to challenge the national solidity, and secondly up until the 1990s Venezuela boasted an unbelievably sturdy national budget. Venezuela has a federalist government, which comprises of policymaking, jurisdictive, and legal branches. The policymaking branch is led by a generally chosen president who remains in power for five years. The jurisdictive branch encompasses Congress that is separated into a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The Chamber of Deputies mirrors the nations provincial picture, whereas the Senate comprises of two legislatures from every state and the capitals centralized locality. Venezuelas uppermost justice body is that of the Supreme Court, whose fellows are picked out by the legislative body of Assembly. The Venezuelan military contains an expected eighty thousand fellows alienated into the army, air force and navy. The country has by tradition upheld stumpy levels of security expenses, be an average of only 1.5 percent of its GDP. Venezuela has had enduring significant skirmishes with adjacent Colombia and Guyana, which further heightened in the 80s. From the time

Just Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Just Health - Essay Example "Is health, and therefore health care and other factors that affect health, of special moral importance?" 2. "When are health inequalities unjust? 3. â€Å"How can we meet health needs fairly under resource restraints?" (Daniels, 2008) This essay will evaluate the conceptualization of healthcare, global poverty, and world hunger on a common moral basis related to human need through an analysis of these ‘Three Questions of Justice’ in the works of Amartya Sen, Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, and other modern scholars. In relating the issue of human needs to human rights through the lens of the moral imperative, the essay will seek to understand how societies and groups build political consensus and collectively address issues of human suffering through political organizations. This analysis includes an exploration of the theoretical and practical limits of humanitarian activity related to egalitarian economic rights frameworks and the goals of universal healthcare that are f ound in democracy, capitalism, and human rights. The moral awareness of the individual creates the categorical imperative to act, join into groups of free-association, build policies, and reform institutions to provide universal healthcare globally. This is based in human altruism fundamentally by definition. The issues of resource scarcity in society are only limited if the individual chooses to perceive them that way or they are controlled forcibly in a way that is inconsistent with the equality of human need defined through altruism. Similarly, they will only be enacted as policy or viewed as â€Å"universals† in society if enough people share these goals in group organizations collectively. Reform of institutions to implement economic rights or universal healthcare popularly is based in the shared moral awareness. The means of funding this process is limited only by resource restraints as individuals conceive them, and these are not inherent to society. Rather, the cost o f universal healthcare is negligible compared to what society wastes on what can be considered non-essential goods and services or â€Å"socialism for the rich† as it operates under the hegemony of corporate democracy in modern America. Because the coercive aspects of wealth distribution are resisted politically, an ideal solution to Daniels’ â€Å"Three Questions of Justice† can only be implemented if people base their social decisions and policies on selfless, compassionate, and altruistic understanding of human needs and global development, highlighting the need for mind-change (metanoia) in the individual as the basis for the reform of institutions and policy. The shared fundamentals of both humanism and religion provide a basis for the realization of these goals in human society, yet education in moral values can be seen as the preferred method of achieving for lasting change in institutions and governance. II. Healthcare - Human Need Creates the Moral Impe rative One way to interpret Daniels’ ‘Three Questions of Justice’ as they relate to the evolution of culture and civilization historically is to view healthcare issues related to global poverty, hunger, clean water, and sanitation of a special

Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Literature - Research Paper Example Barn Burning and Silence of the Lambs develop on the theme of good and evil and individual conscience through interactions between a powerful paternal figure and a younger pupil figure. Barn Burning is commonly considered a coming-of-age story, but the way that Sarty comes of age is precisely through the development of his own conscience and the hardest lesson that someone might learn: That their father is far from a good person. Meanwhile, in its own sense, Silence of the Lambs  is a coming-of-age story: A very young FBI agent is thrown into a very dangerous case and has to learn how to deal with serial killers, both investigating them and interacting with them. In both of these stories, the main characters are struggling to understand the true nature of their mentor: Sarty's father, Snopes, and Clarice's guide through the Buffalo Bill case, Hannibal Lecter. At the end of the story, Sarty sees that his father is going on an increasingly self-destructive path. His last attempt to b urn down a barn had succeeded and he had gotten away with it, but Snopes cannot help himself from responding to what he viewed as disrespect by again turning to the torch. Sarty knows he has to stop this imminent act of arson and escapes from his own family to do so, but as he runs, he tries to reconcile the monster he knows with the stories he's been told. â€Å"My father, he thought. "He was brave!" he cried suddenly, aloud but not loud, no more than a whisper: "He was! He was in the war! He was in Colonel Sartoris' cav'ry!" not knowing that his father had gone to that war a private in the fine old European sense, wearing no uniform, admitting the authority of and giving fidelity to no man or army or flag, going to war as Malbrouck himself did: for booty - it meant nothing and less than nothing to him if it were enemy booty or his own†. Sarty can't know Faulkner's omniscient narrator's aside here, but the information is important to confirm that Sarty's judgments about his father are right, that his instincts are correct: There is little redeeming in the character of Snopes. Similarly, Clarice goes into her discussions with Lecter knowing that he is a monster, but struggling to come to terms with his intellect and his strength of character. She never expected someone as refined, elegant and ultimately usually quite polite. Lecter respects strength, and repeatedly rewards her insistence with information; however, he despises weakness and a lack of independence, so he sometimes refuses to aid her more. In this respect, their relationship is truly that of parent and child: The child seeking more aid, the parent being careful with how much to dole out. The truly interesting element, however, is that Lecter is offering her moral advice. He gets at the core of her psychology: Like Sarty, Clarice once saw something in her childhood that she thought was unimaginably cruel, the bleating in panic and pain of lambs (a symbol of purity and sacrifice). Clarice's m otivations are to make sure she does not idly sit by again while something is butchered. The problem, though, is that Lecter's moral advice is not free and it comes from a truly questionable source. At every point, Clarice has to ask herself if Lecter is trying to get into her head to satisfy his own cravings or to advance a circuitous escape plot, or out of something resembling empathy or friendship. The last call at the end of the movie,

Summarize information from websites Essay Example for Free

Summarize information from websites Essay AIDS has become a universal crisis out of which the sub-Saharan Africa has 2. 1 million of estimated cases. The following are some of the reasons of the impact of AIDS summarized from the AVERT. ORG website. The impact on the Healthcare Sector Increase in the AIDS epidemic has caused an increase in demand for AIDS healthcare workers. According to the website the medical expenses is about US$30 per year for every infected person especially in the sub-Saharan areas. The hospitals find it difficult to accommodate HIV patients and in future it is estimated that AIDS care will account for 60%-70% of all hospital expenditures in South Africa. Hospitals find it difficult to cope with infrastructure as there are not enough beds, leading to shortage in admitted patients. In such cases patients develop complications and the epidemic worsens thereby reducing the standards of care at the hospitals. There are also many healthcare professionals who are affected with AIDS because they are in constant contact with patients. There is therefore an increase in workload, less pay all leading to a scarcity of healthcare workers. The impact on Households AIDS has caused mass impact in the poorer sectors wherein AIDS has been transferred from adults to children. Household income suffers because adults will have to give up their work to look after infected relatives. Children are also forced to stop studying. Families cut expenditures on clothing, electricity and food. There are many families who have abandoned agricultural work due to household illness causing severe food shortage. Looking after patients with illness causes an emotional as well as a financial burden on the household members. Household assets are also sold to meet basic expenses and health needs. The impact on Children Children loose their parents or guardians and are forced to give up their childhood. They are forced to become the breadwinners of the family. They lack nutrition, education and healthcare facilities. Many children are orphaned and they don’t have anyone to take care of them. This makes institutional care a must for such children. These institutions may not be that well equipped to handle the psychological and physiological traumas faced by the children. There are communities that aim to make the children more sociable and to help resolve their problems, but there are too many children and too less healthcare workers. The impact on Education Sector AIDS affects a child’s education which is one of the most cost-effective ways of imparting education. Children may be forced to look after their family members or they themselves may be affected with AIDS. Many of them may not be able to afford the school fees and need to work to afford even their basic necessities. Even the teachers are affected by HIV AIDS. Research shows that teachers have a lack of understanding on the subject and their socio-economic status causes them to get infected. If there are no teachers to teach, then this affects the child’s development. There will be many absent periods because a teacher takes time off to look after their sick relatives or to attend funerals. The impact on Enterprises and Workplaces Many people who are affected with AIDS are people who are employed this affects their socio-economic status. AIDS affects production costs, diverts resources and productivity and has depleting skills. Company costs for funerals, healthcare and pension are likely to increase as people take early retirement or are dying. The demand for products and services also falls. Absent staff also affects the productivity. The recruitment, training and healthcare expenditures constantly increase while productivity declines. There are also very few companies that have a policy to deal with HIV and AIDS.

AN analysis of child labour in india

AN analysis of child labour in india Child labour has been in India from a long time in some form or the other. Practice of child labour in match box industries, glass bangle industries and is very commonly seen in cheap restaurants and dhabas etc. Generally speaking child labour can be said to be the exploitation or abuse of children in factories, industries etc, who are below the age specified by law working (mentally or physically) to earn for his/her own survival or to support his/her family partially or fully, and which prevents his/her social and education development may be said to be child labour. The reasons which are generally responsible for child labour may include  [1]  : Poverty, Ignorance, Illiteracy, Population explosion, Lack of knowledge of their own rights, Big amounts of debt on the parents, Large size of family but not enough income to support such big family, Lack of social security scheme in the country, Weak enforcement of labour laws. According to an U.N.O report India has the maximum child labour in the world i.e. approx 20 per cent.  [2]  On the basis of Census 1991 and various governmental and non-governmental organizations following are the number of child labourers in India  [3]  : Census 1991 2.63 crore, Organization research group, Baroda, 1994-95 4.44 crore, Centre for concern of Child Labour 10 crore. Extra-governmental volunteer organization more than 5 crore. The numbers may vary according to different organizations but the fact is clear that the numbers of child labourers in India are in crores, which is again a pathetic sight, especially with all the various child labour legislation and the Constitutional provisions. In a report by the Labour Ministry every 4th child is a child labour, aged between 5-14 years and there is one child labour in every three families.  [4]   But its not as if Indian governments havent done anything about this grave social stigma, over the years it has enacted many statutory legislations and Constitutional provisions in order to eradicate the problem of child labour, to name some of them, we have: Labour legislations: The Child Labour Act, 1986, The Factories Act, 1948, The Mines Act, 1952, The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000 Constitutional provisions  [5]  : Article 24 provides: strictly prohibits children to work in hazardous environment. Article 21, 45 gives the right to education to all the children below the age of 14years. Article 39 declares the duty of the State to provide the children a free facilities to develop in conditions of freedom and dignity in a healthy manner. India is also a party to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959. India is also a signatory to: ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29); ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. The Government of India adopted the National Policy for Children (NPC) in August 1974. This Policy provided that  [6]  It shall be the policy of the state to provide adequate service to children both before and after birth and through the period of their growth, to ensure their full physical, mental and social development. The State shall progressively increase the scope of such services so that, within a reasonable time, all children in the country enjoy optimum conditions for their balanced growth. Indian is also a party to United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959 and Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1992 and has formulated its labour laws in accordance to International Labour Conference resolution of 1979. The first part of the paper aims to look into the various legislations relating to child labour. In the second part we shall look into the various precedents set by the Supreme Court of India on the issue of child labour and finally the conclusion. Chapter 1 CONSTITUTIONLA AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS Constitutional provisions The government of India has enacted various labour laws has in accordance to International Labour Conference resolution of 1979. The Constitution of India, through various articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: Article 21 (A) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to 14 years; Article 24 No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. The word hazardous employment in Art 24 also includes construction industry, also in P.N. v. U.O.I  [7]  , it has been laid down that Art 24 is enforceable even in the absence of implementing legislations;  [8]   Article 39(e) States that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; Article 39(f) States that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment  [9]  . Hence Art 39 in whole requires the state to ensure and protect the children and provide proper child care. Article 45 The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years The framers of the Constitution imposed a duty on the State under Article 45 as one of the directive principles of the State Policy to provide free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 year with the sole objective of completely eradicating illiteracy and child labour. Also many of the states had passed various Acts providing for free and compulsory primary or elementary education to children. But unfortunately years after the commencement of the Constitution the goal set by this Article which was to be achieved in 10 years, have yet not been reached. But the provision in article 39(f) and 45 of the constitution gave certain directions in providing a better quality of life of children employed in the factories. Labour legislations The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 13 occupations and 51 processes that are hazardous to the childrens lives and health listed in the Schedule to the Act  [10]  . The Factories Act, 1948: The Act completely prohibits children working below the age of 14 years  [11]  . It further states that if a child is between 15 and 18 years of age, can be employed in a factory only if he has a certificate of fitness granted with reference to him under section 69 which is in the custody of the manager of the factory. The Act also says that no child shall be employed or permitted to work, in any factory for more than four and a half hours in any day; The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children in mines, who have not completed their 15th year. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: The Act states that all children aged 6 to 14 years shall be provided free and compulsory education. It further states that all private schools should allocated 25 per cent of their seats for disadvantaged and differently abled children. Chapters 2 Precedents set by Supreme Court Though the government of India has enacted various labour legislations to prevent child labour still there are some contradiction among them, mainly the definitional debates on child labour as different legislation provide different definition of a child. Section 2(ii) of The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, defines child as a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age; Section 2(c) of The Factories Act, 1948 defines child as a person who has not completed his fifteenth year of age; Section 2(e) of The Mines Act, 1952 defines child as a person who has not completed his fifteenth year; Section 2(c) of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, defines child as male or female child of the age of six to fourteen years; Section 2(k) of The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000 defines child as a person who has not completed eighteenth year of age; Section 2(c) of The Plantations Labour Act, 1951 defines child as a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age Hence, we can clearly observe that these legislation are at contradiction to each other in defining whos a child and setting an uniform age limit. Therefore the centre and respective state governments should set a uniform universal minimum age of the child as these contradictions adversely affect the objective of protection from child labour and providing a better educational and social development to children of India. Following are few of important Supreme Court cases that have helped in framing better laws regarding child labour: In Democratic Rights V. Union of India  [12]  , it was contended that the Employment of Children Act, 1938 was not applicable in the matter of employment of children in construction works, as it was not mentioned in the act. But the court held even construction work is a hazardous employment and no child below the age of 14 years can be employed as given under Art 24 of the Indian Constitution, even though construction industry has not been specified in the schedule to the Employment of children Act, 1938, thus the SC rejected the contention. In Salal Hydro Project vs. Jammu and Kashmir  [13]  , the Court has restated the principle laid in Democratic Rights V. Union of India  [14]  that Construction work is hazardous employment and any child below 14 cannot be employed in this work. In Sheela Barse and others vs Union of India and others  [15]  , Bhagawati, C.J. quoted from National Policy for the welfare of Children incorporated to provide better social and educational development to the children of India : The Nations children a supremely important asset. Their nurture and solicitude are our responsibility. Childrens programme should find a prominent part in our national plans for the development of human resources, so that our children grow up to become robust citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, endowed with the skill and motivations needed by society. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of growth should be our aim, for this would serve our large purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice. In M.C. Mehta v State of Tamil Nadu Ors  [16]  , the SC gave direction to the Union and state governments to identify all children and withdraw them from working in hazardous processes and occupations, and to provide them with free and proper education as incorporated into the Constitution, Artcle 21-A. The Court also directed the Union and state governments to set up a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund using contributions from employers who breach the Child Labour Act. In Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh,  [17]  the SC held that every child has the right to free education till the age of 14 years. Artcle 21-A which was incorporated into the Constitution, reflects this standard. CONCLUSION It is said that child is the father of man, and the children of our country are our biggest asset. The government of India has enacted several laws in order to provide healthy social and educational environment for the children. But in spite of all the laws enacted, problem of child labour still persists in our Indian society that is because child labour laws are themselves flawed in some way or the other or suffer from poor implementation of programmes. Though awareness towards child labour has increased and now there are several NGOs trying their best, but today what we require is to take concrete actions, the central and respective state governments need to provide for better machinery for enforcing child labour laws. Unless this is achieved our country wont be completely free the burden of child labour.